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A Mini-Two-Path Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Sensor with High Curvature Sensitivity Based on Four-Mode Fiber.

Wuming Wu1, Jiayi Qian1,2, Yuechun Shi3

  • 1School of Engineering Science, Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan 250107, China.

Micromachines
|October 29, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces a novel hybrid mini-two-path Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MTP-MZI) fiber sensor. It achieves the highest reported curvature sensitivity for MZI sensors, effectively addressing cross-sensitivity challenges.

Keywords:
Mach–Zehnder interferometercurvature sensitivitymini-two-path

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Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics
  • Fiber optic sensing
  • Interferometry

Background:

  • Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) are widely used for sensing applications.
  • Improving sensitivity and reducing cross-sensitivity in MZI sensors remain key challenges.
  • Specialty optical fibers offer unique properties for enhanced sensor performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel hybrid mini-two-path Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MTP-MZI) sensor.
  • To investigate the sensor's performance for curvature and temperature detection.
  • To achieve high sensitivity and mitigate cross-sensitivity in fiber optic sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a hybrid MTP-MZI sensor using single-mode fiber (SMF) and four-mode fiber (FMF).
  • Utilizing arc discharge technology for robust fusion and coupling of fiber paths.
  • Experimental characterization of curvature and temperature sensing capabilities.

Main Results:

  • The MTP-MZI sensor demonstrated a maximum curvature sensitivity of 168.41 dB/m⁻¹ within a 0-0.091 m⁻¹ range.
  • This represents the highest reported curvature sensitivity for intensity-modulated MZI fiber sensors.
  • A temperature sensitivity of 78 pm/°C was observed in the 30-65 °C range, enabling effective cross-sensitivity mitigation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hybrid MTP-MZI sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity for curvature detection.
  • The distinct sensing responses to curvature and temperature allow for effective cross-sensitivity management.
  • This work provides a foundation for developing advanced fiber optic sensors using hybrid structures and specialty fibers.