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Related Concept Videos

Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
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Evaluating Mucosal and Systemic Immunity in an Observational Cohort of South African Children Hospitalised with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Packaging HIV- or FIV-based Lentivector Expression Constructs & Transduction of VSV-G Pseudotyped Viral Particles
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Current standards for HIV vertical transmission prevention.

Juanita Lishman1, Lars Naver2, Helena Rabie1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University Box 241, Cape Town, South Africa.

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|October 29, 2025
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Preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission requires tailored strategies, especially in high-burden nations. Addressing high maternal viral load and health system gaps is crucial for eliminating pediatric HIV.

Keywords:
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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Area of Science:

  • * Public Health
  • * Infectious Diseases
  • * Pediatric Medicine

Background:

  • * Vertical transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) poses a significant risk to newborns and infants, ranging from 15% to 45% without intervention.
  • * High maternal viral load is the primary risk factor for HIV transmission from mother to child.
  • * Prevention guidelines vary significantly between high-income and low- to middle-income countries, impacting interventions like caesarean sections, infant antiretroviral care, and feeding practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To provide a comprehensive review of strategies for the elimination of pediatric HIV.
  • * To discuss current standards of care and prevention methods for vertical HIV transmission.
  • * To highlight differences in approaches between well-resourced and lower-resourced settings.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review focusing on HIV prevention in pregnancy, labor, delivery, and breastfeeding.
  • * Analysis of current standards of care for preventing vertical HIV transmission.
  • * Comparison of prevention strategies in high-income versus low- and middle-income countries.

Main Results:

  • * Key differences in prevention strategies include caesarean section rates, infant antiretroviral prophylaxis, and infant feeding recommendations.
  • * Emerging strategies show potential for further reduction in vertical HIV transmission.
  • * Persistent challenges in sub-Saharan Africa include health system gaps, loss to care, and reduced donor funding impacting progress.

Conclusions:

  • * Comprehensive approaches are necessary for the elimination of pediatric HIV.
  • * Tailored strategies considering resource availability are essential for effective prevention of vertical transmission.
  • * Sustained funding and addressing health system weaknesses are critical to maintain and advance progress in preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission.