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Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

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Visually encoded mechanoluminescence through hierarchical structuring with microscale patterns and nanoscale

Xiaole Ma^1,2, Jiaxiang Wang^1,2, Jing Li³

¹National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

Nature Communications

|October 30, 2025

Summary

This study introduces advanced mechanoluminescent (ML) sensors with multiscale structures for pixelated force detection. These sensors offer high resolution and enhanced light intensity, enabling programmable visual force feedback systems.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optoelectronics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Mechanoluminescence (ML) shows promise for electronics and sensing.
Current ML devices lack pixelated force information due to low efficiency and contrast.
This limits their application as programmable visual force sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop hierarchical multiscale structures for enhanced mechanoluminescent force sensors.
To achieve user-defined pixelated force sensitivity and high-resolution output.
To overcome limitations of current ML devices for advanced sensing applications.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of hierarchical multiscale structures on ML membranes.
Leveraging stress-light interaction within micro/nanoscale patterns.
Utilizing a single light-centering material for enhanced light emission.

Main Results:

Achieved user-defined pixelated force sensitivity with 637 PPI resolution.
Enhanced light intensity by 366% compared to bare films.
Demonstrated dynamic contrast patterns at 521 nm.

Conclusions:

Hierarchical multiscale structures significantly improve ML force sensor performance.
The developed ML membrane enables high-resolution, programmable force-light interaction.
Potential applications include force-sensitive counterfeits and advanced visual sensing systems.