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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
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Bethe ridge electron Compton spectroscopy.

B G Mendis1, S P Hayes1, Cog Williamson1

  • 1Dept. of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.

Ultramicroscopy
|October 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) offers a dose-efficient method for Compton spectroscopy, measuring electronic state density. This technique, using the Bethe ridge, provides similar J(pz) information to electron energy loss spectroscopy, with artifacts manageable in thin specimens.

Keywords:
Bethe ridgeCompton scatteringElectron bonding anisotropyEnergy filtered diffraction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Compton spectroscopy is a technique used to measure J(pz), the number density of occupied electronic states with momentum component pz.
  • In transmission electron microscopy (TEM), this is traditionally performed using dark-field electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using the Bethe ridge in energy filtered TEM (EFTEM) diffraction patterns for Compton spectroscopy.
  • To compare the dose efficiency and results of the EFTEM method with conventional dark-field EELS.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of energy filtered diffraction patterns in a TEM.
  • Analysis of the Bethe ridge feature within these patterns to extract J(pz) information.
  • Comparison of J(pz) profiles obtained via EFTEM with those from dark-field EELS.

Main Results:

  • The Bethe ridge in EFTEM diffraction patterns provides J(pz) information comparable to dark-field EELS.
  • The EFTEM approach is more dose-efficient as it records all projected momenta in parallel.
  • J(pz) profiles from EFTEM show reasonable agreement with dark-field EELS for weakly diffracting specimens.

Conclusions:

  • EFTEM utilizing the Bethe ridge is a viable and more dose-efficient alternative for Compton spectroscopy in TEM.
  • Artefacts from Bragg diffraction and thermal diffuse scattering affect EFTEM, but can be mitigated by using thin specimens.