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Identifying the safe operating space for food systems.

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Global food systems are pushing planetary boundaries, impacting biodiversity and Earth's stability. Operating within safe limits requires significant reductions in emissions and agricultural impacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology
  • Sustainability Science

Background:

  • Global food systems exert immense pressure on the planet's resources and ecosystems.
  • The safe operating space for food systems, relative to planetary boundaries, remains undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify food system boundaries as fractions of planetary boundaries.
  • To propose Earth system budgets for food systems across nine critical boundaries.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated food system boundaries based on their share of planetary boundaries.
  • Defined nine key boundaries relevant to food system impacts.

Main Results:

  • Food systems are major drivers of transgressed planetary boundaries, dominating four (biosphere integrity, land-system change, freshwater change, biogeochemical flows).
  • Food systems strongly contribute to transgressions in climate change and novel entities.
  • Global food systems currently exceed all nine defined food system boundaries.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving a safe operating space necessitates substantial greenhouse gas emission reductions.
  • Halting agricultural conversion of natural habitats is crucial.
  • Optimizing fertilizer and pesticide/antibiotic use, alongside preserving freshwater flows, is essential without compromising yields.