Secure scattering 3D integral imaging through optical single-pixel sensing

Three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging (InIm) has been widely used in clinical diagnosis and civilian services. However, present InIm still relies on the direct capture mode, highly depending on the photography environment for better imaging. Meanwhile, the capture of huge amounts of sub-aperture images triggers large and easily detectable targets, introducing a significant security risk. Thus, an image-free InIm imaging approach is proposed based on a limited number of coded illuminations and single-pixel sensing. The 3D scene is hidden into a compact set of 1D intensity measurements, which are then directly transformed for viewing via variational-correlation light field rendering. Experiments show that under a lower measurement compression (∼3 orders of magnitude), an imaging quality near to fully sampled multi-view systems is realized, with its image-free and encrypted nature also offering resistance against visual data interception by attackers. Also, under scattering conditions, the object structural similarity of such an indirect capturing scheme exceeds the traditional direct mode by nearly 70%.