Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

Archival Research

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same authorSame journal

Should We Keep or Remove Outliers?

The Journal of nursing education·2026

Same author

Check for Outliers.

The Journal of nursing education·2026

Same author

Sub-lethal effects of natural cyanobacterial blooms on fish: Enzymatic activity and swimming performance in Gasterosteus aculeatus.

Harmful algae·2025

Same author

Questionable Research Practices: Cherry Picking.

The Journal of nursing education·2025

Same author

Questionable Research Practices: <i>p</i>-Hacking.

The Journal of nursing education·2025

Same author

Lung Cancer and Palliative Care Support: The Role of Social Determinants of Health for Older Adult Patients.

Oncology nursing forum·2025

Same journal

Truth.

The Journal of nursing education·2026

Same journal

AI Utilization and Clinical Judgment: Predictors of Caring Behavior Among Nursing Students.

The Journal of nursing education·2026

Same journal

Mental Health Nursing Simulation to Develop the Therapeutic Use of Self.

The Journal of nursing education·2026

Same journal

Cultivating Clinical Judgment Through Wound Building: A Teaching Innovation.

The Journal of nursing education·2026

Same journal

Pathophysiology as a Predictor of Success in a Prelicensure Undergraduate Nursing Program.

The Journal of nursing education·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Published on: June 6, 2020

Questionable Research Practices: HARKing.

The Journal of Nursing Education

|November 5, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study addresses HARKing, a questionable research practice where results are explained after discovery. Strategies are proposed to help researchers manage the issues arising from this post hoc analysis reporting.

More Related Videos

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Published on: August 21, 2021

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Published on: June 6, 2020

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Published on: August 21, 2021

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Published on: January 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Research Methodology
Scientific Integrity

Background:

Questionable research practices pose a threat to scientific integrity.
HARKing (Hypothesizing After the Results are Known) is a specific practice that obscures the research process.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the problem of HARKing in scientific research.
To discuss the negative consequences of omitting post hoc discovery information.

Main Methods:

Literature review and conceptual analysis of HARKing.
Identification of potential negative impacts of HARKing.

Main Results:

HARKing involves presenting findings discovered post hoc as if they were hypothesized a priori.
This practice can lead to biased interpretations and reduced research transparency.

Conclusions:

Addressing HARKing is crucial for maintaining scientific rigor.
Implementing suggested strategies can mitigate the adverse effects of HARKing.