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Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

3.9K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
3.9K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.1K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.1K
Reactions of Acid Anhydrides01:19

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

5.1K
The reactions of acid anhydrides are analogous to the reactions of acid chlorides and proceed via a nucleophilic acyl substitution. They only differ in the identity of the leaving group. During an acid chloride reaction, the leaving group is a chloride ion, and the by-product is hydrochloric acid. However, in an acid anhydride reaction, the leaving group is a carboxylate ion, and the by-product is a carboxylic acid.
5.1K
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

19.5K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
19.5K
Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

46.6K
The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
46.6K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

10.6K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
10.6K

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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2-Chloro-4-hy-droxy-anilinium chloride.

Sindhu V Bai1, Patrick F Mensah2, Guoqiang Li3

  • 1Department of Environmental Toxicology Southern University and A&M College Baton Rouge Louisiana 70813 USA.

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|November 12, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a compound, revealing specific bond distances and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. These findings contribute to understanding the solid-state arrangement of this chemical entity.

Keywords:
4-amino-3-chloro­anilineanti­cancer drugs and inter­mediatescrystal structurelenvatinib and tivozanibtyrosine kinase inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Molecular structure analysis

Background:

  • Understanding the precise arrangement of atoms and molecules in crystalline solids is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, play a significant role in stabilizing crystal structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound (C6H7ClNO+·Cl−).
  • To characterize key bond distances and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths (C-Cl, C-N, C-O) and intermolecular distances (N⋯Cl, O⋯Cl) was performed.

Main Results:

  • The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma.
  • Specific bond distances were measured: C-Cl (1.7289 Å), C-N (1.4590 Å), and C-O (1.3617 Å).
  • Intermolecular hydrogen bonds were observed between the NH3+ and OH groups and chloride ions.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure is stabilized by extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
  • The spatial arrangement and bonding characteristics provide insights into the compound's solid-state behavior.