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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
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Pack Cementation Route to Ag2Se: Correlating Structure, Phase Formation, and Thermoelectric Performance.

Aikaterini Teknetzi1, Dimitrios Stathokostopoulos1, Savvas Hadjipanteli2

  • 1School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Pack cementation offers a cost-effective method for producing high-quality silver selenide (Ag2Se) powders. This novel technique yields a material with competitive thermoelectric performance for near-room-temperature applications.

Keywords:
Seebeck coefficientchemical statelow-temperature thermoelectricsmicrostructurepack cementationphase transitionsilver selenidethermal conductivity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Thermoelectrics

Background:

  • Silver selenide (Ag2Se) is a key thermoelectric material for near-room-temperature applications.
  • Scalable fabrication of Ag2Se is hindered by conventional synthesis limitations and sensitivity to processing conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce pack cementation as a novel, cost-effective, and industrially viable method for Ag2Se powder production.
  • Investigate the impact of synthesis parameters on Ag2Se phase, composition, and microstructure.
  • Establish structure-property relationships for optimized thermoelectric performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the pack cementation technique for synthesizing beta-silver selenide (β-Ag2Se) powders.
  • Analyzed phase formation, composition, and microstructure using various characterization methods.
  • Evaluated thermoelectric properties, including the figure of merit (ZT), as a function of temperature.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized phase-pure orthorhombic β-Ag2Se with near-stoichiometric composition and uniform microstructure.
  • Phase purity was maintained after consolidation, with no secondary phases observed.
  • Achieved a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of 0.63 at 352 K, with stable performance up to 375 K.

Conclusions:

  • Pack cementation is a viable route for producing high-quality Ag2Se with competitive thermoelectric efficiency.
  • The developed method demonstrates potential for large-scale production and future optimization of Ag2Se.
  • Clear structure-property correlations were established, guiding material design for enhanced thermoelectric applications.