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Related Concept Videos

Chirality02:25

Chirality

29.0K
Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Nonlinear Chiral Response from Linearly Achiral Membrane Metasurfaces.

Pavel Tonkaev1, Yeqi Zhuang2, Donghwee Kim3

  • 1Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

Nano Letters
|November 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated a strong nonlinear chiral response in silicon metasurfaces, previously achiral. By breaking in-plane symmetry, they controlled nonlinear circular dichroism for advanced chiral metadevices.

Keywords:
membranesmetasurfacesnonlinear chiralitythird-harmonic generation

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Metasurfaces
  • Chirality

Background:

  • Chiral photonics controls light handedness for applications in communications, sensing, and quantum technologies.
  • Traditional methods focus on linear chiroptical response, leaving nonlinear chiral phenomena underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate a significant nonlinear chiral response in free-standing membrane metasurfaces.
  • To investigate the role of symmetry in achieving nonlinear chiroptical effects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized patterned silicon membranes with C4 symmetry and intentionally broken in-plane symmetry.
  • Investigated third-harmonic generation to observe nonlinear circular dichroism.

Main Results:

  • Achiral metasurfaces exhibited a strong cross-polarized third-harmonic signal with nonlinear circular dichroism of -0.83.
  • In-plane symmetry breaking introduced a copolarized channel, reversing the nonlinear circular dichroism sign to 0.41.

Conclusions:

  • Established a novel method for engineering nonlinear chiral responses in metasurfaces.
  • Findings complement traditional approaches and enable advanced chiral metadevices.