Associations of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids Intake with Visceral Adiposity: Sex-Specific Patterns in a
Livia Alvarenga1, Ribanna A M Braga2, Júlia G de Souza2
1Department of Cardiopneumology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil.
Background:
Obesity is a disease with high prevalence worldwide, and the accumulation of visceral fat is related to increased cardiovascular risk. The inclusion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the diet has been shown to be a promising nutritional strategy. We aimed to examine the associations between PUFAs consumption and visceral adiposity dysfunction, assessed by the visceral adiposity index (VAI).
Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 697 adults from the SHIP-Brazil cohort. Structured interviews collected sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary data. The intake of omega-3, omega-6, EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA intake assessed through an adapted food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was categorized into tertiles. Serum lipids were analyzed using the Cobas system, and VAI was calculated by a sex-specific formula and categorized into two groups (low and high VAI, p50), according to sex.
Results:
Among men, a higher VAI was associated with greater energy intake and higher carbohydrate and fat consumption. Among women, EPA + DHA intake (β = -0.396, 95% CI: -0.639; -0.152, p = 0.001), EPA (β = -0.679, 95% CI: -1.220; -0.138, p = 0.014), and DHA (β = -0.780, 95% CI: -1.207; -0.352, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with VAI, while omega-6 (β = 0.015, 95% CI: 0.003; 0.028, p = 0.017) showed a positive association. No associations were found between saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and VAI.
Conclusions:
The EPA + DHA intake, EPA, and DHA intake were inversely associated with VAI in women, but not in men. Omega-6 intake was negatively associated with VAI in men and positively associated with VAI in women. It is important to highlight that, given the cross-sectional design, these associations do not establish temporality or causality.
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