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Related Concept Videos

Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

1.3K
Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Assessment of radial pulse01:11

Assessment of radial pulse

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Assessment of Radial Pulse
The radial pulse, located at the wrist, is often the preferred site for assessing peripheral pulse because of its accessibility and dependability. The process of determining the radial pulse involves several steps:
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Assessment of apical radial pulse01:25

Assessment of apical radial pulse

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Apical-Radial (A-R) Pulse Assessment
The A-R pulse assessment involves simultaneous evaluation of the apical and radial pulses. When the apical and radial pulse rates vary, this assessment helps identify a pulse deficit.
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Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

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Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
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An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
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Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

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Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
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Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure01:30

Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure

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Direct Method
This invasive approach involves cannulating a peripheral artery. During each cardiac contraction, pressure generates mechanical motion within the catheter, transmitted through rigid, fluid-filled tubing to a transducer. This transducer converts mechanical motion into electrical signals displayed as waveforms on a monitor. An automatic flushing system prevents blood backflow. Due to the potential risk of unexpected arterial blood loss, this method is primarily used in intensive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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A Wrist System for Daily Stress Monitoring Using Mid-Level Physiological Fusion and Late Fusion with Survey-Based

Marija Simic1, Sravya Reddy Yammanuru1, Geraline Saguiafin1

  • 1Signal Analysis Research (SAR) Group, Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University (TMU), 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Multi-sensor fusion using a wrist-worn device enhances daily stress monitoring. This system integrates galvanic skin response, heart rate variability, and skin temperature for improved stress prediction.

Keywords:
Bluetooth Low EnergySpO2galvanic skin responseheart rate variabilitymulti-sensor fusionquestionnairesskin temperaturestress monitoringtime alignmentwearables

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Wearable Technology
  • Health Informatics

Background:

  • Accurate daily stress monitoring is crucial for mental well-being.
  • Existing methods often rely on subjective self-reports or limited physiological data.
  • Integrating multi-sensor data offers a more comprehensive approach to stress assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a multi-sensor fusion system for improved daily stress monitoring.
  • To assess the predictive performance of physiological data combined with self-reports.
  • To investigate the correlation between different physiological parameters and perceived stress levels.

Main Methods:

  • A wrist-worn device collecting galvanic skin response (GSR), photoplethysmography (PPG)-derived heart rate variability (HRV), skin temperature, and SpO2.
  • Data transmission via Bluetooth Low Energy to a mobile application for real-time processing.
  • Mid-level and late fusion techniques were employed, incorporating self-reported questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • The system demonstrated high accuracy for SpO2 and heart rate (BPM) against a commercial device.
  • A support vector machine model achieved a mean squared error of 0.08 in predicting simulated stress levels.
  • Skin temperature and HRV showed significant correlations with simulated stress, while SpO2 had a negligible impact.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated multi-sensor system with on-device preprocessing and fusion provides effective daily stress monitoring.
  • The fusion workflow successfully leverages physiological data for predictive stress assessment.
  • This approach offers a promising tool for objective and continuous stress tracking.