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Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps

Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps

To wash hands properly, follow these steps:

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated....

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury. The nails must be short and clean, without nail...

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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Published on: June 7, 2017

Atypical Hand Infections.

Alayna Vaughan¹, Ahmed Manzoor¹, Nicole Dain Lee¹

¹The Curtis National Hand Center, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD.

The Journal of Hand Surgery

|November 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Atypical hand infections, caused by diverse bacteria and fungi, often mimic common infections but require specific diagnostic awareness. Prompt laboratory testing and combined surgical and medical treatment are crucial for effective management of these challenging cases.

Keywords:

Atypical infection bacteria fungi hand infection infection

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Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Published on: June 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Microbiology
Hand Surgery

Background:

Atypical hand infections present a diagnostic challenge due to diverse causative organisms.
Some infections mimic common bacterial presentations, while others follow indolent courses.
Delayed diagnosis can result from a lack of clinical awareness regarding the variety of potential pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the diverse range of organisms causing atypical hand infections.
To emphasize the importance of clinical awareness and appropriate laboratory testing.
To guide effective diagnosis and treatment strategies for atypical hand infections.

Main Methods:

Review of various bacterial and fungal pathogens causing atypical hand infections.
Discussion of clinical presentation, patient history, and disease course.
Inclusion of two institutional case examples illustrating diagnostic and treatment pathways.

Main Results:

Identified a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi responsible for atypical hand infections.
Demonstrated that clinical presentation can vary significantly, from superficial to deep and indolent infections.
Highlighted the necessity of integrating surgical and medical interventions for successful eradication.

Conclusions:

Clinical awareness of diverse pathogens is essential for timely diagnosis of atypical hand infections.
Appropriate laboratory investigations are imperative for identifying causative agents.
A combination of surgical and medical treatment is often required for effective management.