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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics of Life01:23

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...
Functions of Life01:23

Functions of Life

Human life is characterized by a variety of functions that are essential for survival and well-being. These functions include metabolism, movement, development, growth and reproduction.
Metabolism
The basic function of an organism is to consume energy and molecules in foods, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain body functions, and build and maintain body structures. There are two types of reactions that accomplish this: anabolism and catabolism.
Anabolism is the process whereby...
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
Life Tables01:22

Life Tables

A life table is a statistical tool that summarizes the mortality and survival patterns of a population, providing detailed insights into the likelihood of survival or death across different age intervals within a cohort. By organizing data on survival probabilities and mortality rates, life tables offer a clear snapshot of population dynamics over time. They are extensively used in demography, public health, actuarial science, and ecology to analyze life expectancy, design health interventions,...
Actuarial Approach01:20

Actuarial Approach

The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
Consider the example of a high-risk surgical procedure with significant early-stage mortality. A two-year clinical study is conducted,...
Applications of Life Tables01:22

Applications of Life Tables

Life tables are versatile across various fields, providing a quantitative basis for analyzing mortality and survival rates. Whether used by demographers, actuaries, epidemiologists, or sociologists, life tables offer valuable insights into the dynamics of life and death, facilitating informed decisions in public health, insurance, conservation, and beyond. Their broad applicability highlights the interconnectedness of demographic data with practical outcomes in everyday life and strategic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
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Perimetry Testing in the 10th Decade of Life.

Ari Leshno1, Charu Vyas2, Emmanouil Tsamis2

  • 1Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Gray Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.

Ophthalmology. Glaucoma
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Glaucoma testing reliability in nonagenarians is achievable. Morning testing and careful monitoring can improve visual field test accuracy in the very elderly.

Keywords:
False negativesFalse positivesFixation lossGlaucoma monitoringNonagenariansPerimetryTest reliabilityVisual field testing

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Diagnostic Testing

Background:

  • Glaucoma prevalence increases with age.
  • Rising life expectancy leads to a growing number of elderly glaucoma patients.
  • Assessing diagnostic test utility in the very old is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate the reliability of glaucoma diagnostic testing in individuals aged 90-99.
  • Identify factors influencing testing accuracy in nonagenarians.
  • Optimize perimetry protocols for the very elderly population.

Main Methods:

  • Cohort study of patients aged 90-99 years.
  • Analysis of Swedish Interactive Testing Algorithm-Standard 24-2 visual fields (VFs).
  • Evaluation of reliability indices, including false-positive rates (<15% as criterion for reliability).

Main Results:

  • 7.5% of VFs were unreliable.
  • Testing after age 90 significantly increased false-positive, false-negative, and fixation loss rates.
  • Afternoon testing and testing the first eye were associated with lower reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Reliable visual field testing is feasible in nonagenarians.
  • Test reliability decreases with advancing age.
  • Morning testing is recommended to maximize performance in the very old.