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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Nonreciprocal Spin-Glass Transition and Aging.

Giulia Garcia Lorenzana1,2, Ada Altieri2, Giulio Biroli1

  • 1Sorbonne Université, Université PSL, Laboratoire de Physique de l'École normale supérieure, ENS, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.

Physical Review Letters
|November 17, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonreciprocity can surprisingly preserve glassiness in disordered systems. Our study reveals an exceptional-point transition leading to oscillating amorphous phases and unique nonreciprocal aging dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Complex Systems
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Disordered systems commonly display aging and glass transitions.
  • Nonreciprocity is generally thought to disrupt glassiness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of nonreciprocity on glassiness in a specific model.
  • To explore the dynamics of coupled complex agents under antagonistic interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a bipartite spherical Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model.
  • Employed dynamical mean-field theory calculations.

Main Results:

  • Identified an exceptional-point-mediated transition from a static disorder phase to an oscillating amorphous phase.
  • Observed nonreciprocal aging characterized by slow dynamics and oscillations.

Conclusions:

  • Nonreciprocity does not always destroy glassiness; it can lead to novel oscillating amorphous phases.
  • The findings challenge previous assumptions about nonreciprocity's impact on disordered systems.