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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Body:Bioavailability is a critical pharmacological concept that measures the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety enters the systemic circulation, remaining unchanged. It's a pivotal factor in determining a drug's efficacy and safety.The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) plays an essential role in drug development by categorizing drugs into four classes based on their solubility and permeability. This classification aids in understanding drug...

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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota

Published on: July 31, 2019

An Integrated Engineering Approach to Creating Health-Modulating Postbiotics.

Michael Leonidas Chikindas^1,2, Diana E Roopchand³, Santosh Kumar Tiwari⁴

¹Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research

|November 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Postbiotics, inactivated microbial components, offer health benefits comparable to probiotics with improved safety and stability. Research explores their mechanisms, bioactive compounds, and inactivation methods for diverse applications.

Keywords:

health benefits inactivation postbiotics probiotics

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Immunology
Biotechnology

Background:

Postbiotics are gaining traction as alternatives to live probiotics due to safety, stability, and shelf-life advantages.
They offer similar health benefits by leveraging bioactive components from microorganisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of postbiotic research, including definitions, mechanisms, and applications.
To discuss methods for microbial inactivation and compare postbiotics with probiotics.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on postbiotics, their mechanisms of action, and bioactive components.
Analysis of various microbial inactivation techniques (thermal, non-thermal, hybrid).
Comparative assessment of health benefits and safety profiles of postbiotics versus probiotics.

Main Results:

Postbiotics modulate host physiology via components like SCFAs, EPS, and specific proteins, impacting gut barrier, immunity, metabolism, and inflammation.
Various inactivation methods preserve postbiotic bioactivity while ensuring microbial safety.
Inactivated postbiotic formulations demonstrate comparable or superior health benefits and safety over live probiotics.

Conclusions:

Postbiotics represent a promising avenue for health and biotechnological applications, offering advantages over live probiotics.
Standardization of definitions and production processes is crucial for future development.
Further research is needed to fully realize the potential of postbiotics in clinical and nutritional settings.