Disruption of Epidemic Patterns in Community-Acquired Respiratory Infections Post-Covid-19 in France: A 5-Year

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Robert Cohen1,2,3,4,5, Naim Ouldali1,2,3,4,6,7, Stéphane Béchet1,2,3,4,5

  • 1From the ACTIV, Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|November 18, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Nonpharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19 delayed pathogen resurgence. Different viruses and bacteria, including enterovirus and pertussis, returned at varying times, highlighting varied immunity and vulnerability.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered the transmission dynamics of various respiratory and bacterial pathogens.
  • The cessation of these NPIs has led to the re-emergence of previously suppressed infections, necessitating an understanding of their temporal patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the time intervals for the reappearance of specific pathogens after the lifting of COVID-19 related NPIs.
  • To analyze the differences in resurgence timing among various infectious agents.
  • To explore the implications of these differences for understanding herd immunity and pathogen-specific vulnerabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of infectious disease surveillance data following the relaxation of NPIs.
  • Calculation of time from the end of NPIs to the first documented cases or significant increase in incidence for key pathogens.
  • Comparative analysis of resurgence timelines across different types of pathogens.

Main Results:

  • Enterovirus reappeared 16 months post-COVID-19 onset.
  • Bronchiolitis emerged 33 months later.
  • Group A Streptococcus infections resurged at 36 months.
  • Pneumonia cases reappeared after 45 months.
  • Pertussis was detected 51 months after the initial COVID-19 period.

Conclusions:

  • The diverse timelines for pathogen resurgence suggest significant variability in the durability of population immunity and pathogen-specific vulnerabilities.
  • Understanding these differential resurgence patterns is crucial for predicting future infectious disease outbreaks and tailoring public health strategies.
  • The findings underscore the complex interplay between NPIs, population immunity, and pathogen characteristics in shaping infectious disease epidemiology.

Keywords:
COVID-19childrencommunity-acquired respiratory infectionsimmunity debt

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