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How pro-inflammatory diets influence perioperative outcomes.

Monica Mesiha1, Maressa Cumbermack2, Jamie Kim2

  • 1CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Pain Management
|November 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A pro-inflammatory diet increases inflammation and complications, prolonging surgical recovery. An anti-inflammatory diet and nutritional interventions like omega-3 fatty acids can improve surgical outcomes and shorten hospital stays.

Keywords:
Pro-inflammatory dietanesthetic drug metabolismgut microbiomeperioperative outcomessurgical recovery

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Immunology
  • Surgical Recovery

Background:

  • Pro-inflammatory diets, rich in saturated fats and sugars, elevate cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF), increasing systemic inflammation.
  • Inflammation disrupts immune function, alters drug metabolism, and is linked to prolonged recovery, poor wound healing, and surgical complications.
  • Dietary changes affect the gut microbiome, influencing pain perception, opioid sensitivity, and the gut-brain axis stress response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the impact of diet on surgical recovery.
  • To synthesize data on anti-inflammatory diets and their components like omega-3 fatty acids, SPMs, and SCFAs.
  • To explore perioperative nutritional interventions for enhancing surgical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, and mechanistic studies published between 2000-2025.
  • Emphasis on literature concerning omega-3 fatty acids, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).
  • Analysis of targeted interventions including nutritional education, dietary assessment, pre/probiotics, omega-3 supplementation, and dietary counseling within ERAS pathways.

Main Results:

  • Pro-inflammatory diets are associated with increased systemic inflammation, immune dysfunction, and adverse surgical outcomes.
  • Anti-inflammatory diets reduce inflammatory markers and correlate with shorter hospital stays.
  • Nutritional interventions show potential for improving surgical recovery and reducing complications.

Conclusions:

  • Diet significantly impacts surgical recovery by modulating inflammation and the gut microbiome.
  • Perioperative nutritional strategies, including dietary counseling and supplementation, are crucial components of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathways.
  • Targeted nutritional interventions can mitigate surgical complications and improve patient outcomes.