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Ribozymes

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can...

Ribozymes

Ribozymes

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

RNA Editing

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

Published on: March 25, 2020

An Unexpected Adenosine-Alkylating Ribozyme Emerged by Target Site Relocation during in Vitro Selection.

Carolin P M Scheitl¹, Evgeniia Dorinova¹, Sarah Christopher¹

¹Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|November 20, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new RNA-alkylating ribozymes, including RACR, for precise RNA modification. These catalytic RNAs enable targeted installation of chemical tags for studying RNA structure and dynamics.

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Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

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RNA Catalyst as a Reporter for Screening Drugs against RNA Editing in Trypanosomes

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Published on: July 22, 2014

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
RNA Therapeutics

Background:

RNA-alkylating ribozymes are essential tools for post-transcriptional RNA modification.
They facilitate site-specific installation of various chemical groups for RNA analysis.
Existing ribozymes have limitations in target specificity and modification capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To discover and characterize novel RNA-alkylating ribozymes with improved properties.
To investigate the structure-activity relationship of new ribozyme variants.
To expand the toolbox for site-specific RNA modification.

Main Methods:

In vitro selection combined with high-throughput sequencing (RZ-seq).
Biochemical analyses including in-line probing and mutational profiling.
Characterization of ribozyme variants for catalytic activity and target specificity.

Main Results:

Identification of a highly active RNA-alkylating catalytic RNA (RACR) targeting adenosine.
RACR utilizes modified guanine cofactors to alkylate the N1 position of adenosine within the NAYN motif.
RACR demonstrates a distinct catalytic core and RNA target engagement mechanism compared to MTR1.
The ribozyme can be directed to modify diverse RNA molecules like tRNA and snRNA.

Conclusions:

RACR represents a novel and versatile tool for post-synthetic RNA modification, expanding the ribozyme toolbox.
The study provides insights into in vitro selection dynamics for future ribozyme evolution.
The RZ-seq method facilitates efficient discovery and characterization of novel catalytic RNAs.