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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
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Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

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Alkyltransferase Ribozyme for Site-Specific N4-Cytidine Alkylation.

Evgeniia Dorinova1, Manisha B Walunj1, Claudia Höbartner1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new ribozyme tool for precise RNA modification. This cytidine-specific alkyltransferase ribozyme (CSAR) enables direct alkylation of cytidine, expanding RNA labeling capabilities.

Keywords:
RNA labelingcytidine modificationfluorescent labelingin vitro selectionribozyme

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Ribozymes offer site-specific RNA modification for installing functional groups.
  • Current ribozymes are mainly limited to adenosine modification.
  • Expanding the ribozyme toolbox is of significant interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel ribozyme for cytidine-specific RNA modification.
  • To enable direct alkylation of the exocyclic amino group of cytidine.
  • To facilitate the installation of diverse functional groups onto RNA.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro selection of a cytidine-specific alkyltransferase ribozyme (CSAR).
  • Utilized O6-benzylguanines as alkyl group donors.
  • Characterized CSAR activity in a defined RNA hairpin loop context.

Main Results:

  • CSAR catalyzes direct alkylation of the exocyclic amino group of cytidine.
  • Generated N4-alkylated cytidine at a specific sequence context.
  • Demonstrated efficient cytidine alkylation for functional group installation.

Conclusions:

  • CSAR is the first ribozyme to achieve direct alkylation of cytidine's exocyclic amino group.
  • This ribozyme expands the capabilities for site-specific RNA functionalization.
  • CSAR enables efficient installation of bioorthogonal functional groups on RNA.