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    Text plays a crucial role in information visualization design. This study introduces a new framework identifying ten text functions and four design strategies, enhancing how we understand and use text in visualizations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Information Visualization
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Visual Analytics

    Background:

    • Text is an integral yet understudied aspect of visualization design.
    • Prior research explored text's influence on comprehension and preference, but practical design and use remain unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a comprehensive framework for understanding text functions in information visualizations.
    • To identify and categorize distinct roles text plays within visualization design.
    • To uncover patterns in text usage and associated design strategies.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of 120 real-world information visualizations and 804 text elements.
    • Identification of ten distinct text functions.
    • Factor analysis to reveal overarching text-informed design strategies.

    Main Results:

    • Ten distinct text functions were identified, including data mapping identification and subtext presentation.
    • Four overarching text-informed design strategies emerged: Attribution and Variables, Annotation-Centric Design, Visual Embellishments, and Narrative Framing.
    • Text was found to be multifunctional and can even replace visual elements.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed framework adds nuance to existing models of text in visualization.
    • Findings highlight text's flexibility in communicating, synthesizing, and framing visual information.
    • This research provides a detailed understanding of textual design and use in practice.