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This study introduces a novel method for detecting sub-gigaelectronvolt dark matter (DM) using neutrino observatories. The technique leverages annual dark matter modulation to distinguish DM signals from background noise in large detectors like JUNO.

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Astrophysics
  • Cosmology

Background:

  • Dark matter (DM) constitutes a significant portion of the universe's mass but remains undetected.
  • Current detection methods for low-mass dark matter (sub-GeV) face significant challenges.
  • Neutrino observatories possess large target masses and sensitive detectors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new technique for searching sub-gigaelectronvolt (sub-GeV) dark matter.
  • To explore a novel application of neutrino observatories for dark matter detection.
  • To leverage the annual modulation signature of dark matter to overcome background noise.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing dark matter-electron scattering within a detector's target material.
  • Detecting scintillation light produced by excited or ionized target molecules using photomultiplier tubes (PMTs).
  • Isolating the dark matter signal by analyzing the aggregate scattering rate and its expected annual modulation, distinguishing it from the PMT dark rate.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of the technique using the JUNO (20,000-ton scintillator) detector as an example.
  • Showcased the potential for significant sensitivity in specific dark matter mass ranges.
  • Indicated that the proposed method can surpass the sensitivity of other existing techniques in certain regimes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed technique offers a promising new avenue for sub-GeV dark matter searches.
  • Neutrino observatories can be effectively repurposed for dark matter detection.
  • The method's sensitivity reaches important benchmarks set by particle theory, potentially leading to new discoveries.