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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Introduction to Virus01:28

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance
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DNA Nanostructure-Templated Multivalency Enables Broad-Spectrum Virus Inhibition.

Saurabh Umrao1,2,3, Abhisek Dwivedy1,2,3, Dhanush Gandavadi1,2,3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel honeycomb DNA nanostructure displaying influenza A virus HA-targeting ligands significantly enhances viral neutralization and cell protection compared to free ligands, offering a promising broad-spectrum antiviral platform.

Keywords:
broad‐spectrum antiviraldesigner nanostructureshost–pathogen interactionsmultivalencyprogrammable therapeutic nanomaterialsrespiratory virusesvirus inhibition strategies

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Virology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Influenza A viruses (IAVs) rapidly evolve, challenging current antiviral strategies.
  • Monomeric nanobodies and aptamers targeting hemagglutinin (HA) show limited efficacy due to monomeric binding.
  • Broadly effective and modular therapeutic platforms are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a programmable antiviral platform using designer DNA nanostructures.
  • To engineer multivalency and precise ligand display for enhanced viral neutralization.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of geometry-matched nanostructures against IAVs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of honeycomb-shaped designer DNA nanostructures (HC-DDN) displaying HA-targeting ligands (nanobodies and aptamers).
  • Formation of trimeric clusters to match native HA trimer geometry.
  • In vitro and in vivo evaluation using murine and porcine IAV models (H1N1, H3N2).

Main Results:

  • Both HC-Nanobody and HC-Aptamer constructs significantly outperformed free ligands in viral neutralization and cytoprotection.
  • HC-Nanobody achieved >99% inhibition of viral entry and 35-45% increase in cell viability in murine models.
  • High antiviral efficacy (>97% inhibition) and improved cell viability (30-55%) were observed in a porcine IAV model, demonstrating cross-species performance.

Conclusions:

  • Geometry-matched multivalency significantly enhances viral neutralization and antiviral efficacy.
  • The HC-DDN platform provides a rational blueprint for designing broad-spectrum antivirals against rapidly evolving respiratory viruses.
  • This approach holds promise for developing next-generation therapeutics against influenza and other viral pathogens.