Aurocyanide, an active metabolite of auranofin, exerts cytoprotective effects via ROS-mediated Nrf2 activation in...

Auranofin, an FDA-approved oral gold(I) compound for rheumatoid arthritis, is being repurposed due to its established clinical safety and emerging therapeutic potential. Given its extensive in vivo metabolism, identifying active metabolites and characterizing their biological activities are critical for understanding its therapeutic mechanisms. Here, we evaluated the cytoprotective effects of seven potential auranofin metabolites against tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells. Among them, only aurocyanide markedly improved cell viability, as demonstrated by MTT and live-cell imaging assays. This study is the first to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective effects of aurocyanide, with a focus on Nrf2 signaling. Aurocyanide suppressed tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production and significantly increased antioxidant responsive element (ARE)-luciferase activity, comparable to that of sulforaphane. It also promoted nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, leading to upregulation of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes (GCL, HO-1, NQO1). Induction of Nrf2 target genes was confirmed in both HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. Aurocyanide elevated intracellular GSH levels and alleviated tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced GSH depletion. Importantly, the cytoprotective effect of aurocyanide was significantly reduced in Nrf2-knockdown cells, highlighting the essential role of Nrf2. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) abolished aurocyanide-induced Nrf2 activation and HO-1 upregulation, indicating the involvement of ROS in Nrf2/ARE pathway activation. Aurocyanide induced mild ROS production, which was reduced by NAC, and NAC also diminished the protective effects of aurocyanide against oxidative injury. In conclusion, aurocyanide, an active metabolite of auranofin, exerts antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects via ROS-mediated activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, broadening our understanding of its pharmacological actions in liver pathology.