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High-Contrast Colorless-to-Colored Thermochromic Materials.

Diptiman Dinda1, Noel Muñoz Pérez1, Jordi Faraudo2

  • 1Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New thermochromic materials achieve high-contrast color changes using three-component mixtures. Material color is controlled by the alkyl chain lengths of the color developer and phase change material components.

Keywords:
leuco dyesphase change materialssecurity inkssensorsthermochromism

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Thermochromic materials change color with temperature.
  • Controlling thermochromic properties is crucial for applications like sensors and security inks.
  • Existing thermochromic systems often lack high contrast or tunable transition temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel high-contrast, colorless-to-colored thermochromic materials.
  • To establish a design rule for controlling the coloration state and transition temperature.
  • To demonstrate the versatility of the system for various applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of three-component mixtures including catechol/pyrogallol derivatives (color developers - CD), fatty acid phase change materials (PCM), and leuco dyes.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study hydrogen-bonding interactions.
  • Thermal and spectroscopic measurements to analyze phase behavior and coloration.
  • Preparation of structured mixtures like solid lipid particles and polymer composites.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high-contrast colorless-to-colored thermochromic materials.
  • Demonstrated that coloration in solid states is controllable by the relative alkyl chain lengths of CD (CCD) and PCM (CPCM).
  • Colorless solids obtained when CCD > CPCM (ΔC<0) due to phase segregation; colored solids obtained when ΔC≥0 due to CD solubilization in PCM.
  • System demonstrated tunability across different leuco dye families and PCMs, with preserved transition temperatures in structured forms.

Conclusions:

  • A novel design strategy for tunable thermochromic materials based on CD-PCM interactions was established.
  • The relative alkyl chain length is a key parameter for controlling solid-state color.
  • The developed materials are suitable for applications in polymer composites, screen-printed patterns, sensors, and invisible security inks.