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Related Concept Videos

Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure

The neural regulation of blood pressure involves intricate interactions between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system, ensuring adequate perfusion of tissues. This regulation primarily occurs through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, involving both short-term and long-term mechanisms.
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Baroreceptors, located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch, detect changes in blood pressure. When blood pressure rises, these stretch-sensitive receptors...
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:

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Cingulate-centered flexible control: physiologic correlates and enhancement by internal capsule stimulation.

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  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis , MN, USA.

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This study reveals that theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling in the anterior cingulate cortex is key for resolving control-prediction errors, enhancing cognitive flexibility. This mechanism is a potential biomarker for optimizing deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Psychiatry

Background:

  • Flexible cognitive control is crucial for adapting to changing environments, but deficits are common in psychiatric disorders.
  • Current interventions for cognitive control deficits lack circuit-level understanding and targeted modulation strategies.
  • Control-prediction errors (CPEs) signal discrepancies between current demands and control plans, requiring rapid resolution for flexible control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the neurocomputational mechanism underlying CPE resolution in humans.
  • To investigate the modifiability of this mechanism using internal capsule stimulation (ICS).
  • To assess the clinical relevance of CPE resolution and cognitive flexibility in psychiatric patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) datasets, including those with ICS and deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the right internal capsule.
  • Investigated phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), specifically theta-gamma coupling anchored to the theta phase of the right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC-R).
  • Employed adaptive drift-diffusion modeling and mediation analyses to link neural mechanisms to behavior and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Theta-gamma PAC between rACC-R and cognitive control network nodes (dlPFC, dACC) correlated with faster CPE resolution.
  • ICS enhanced control flexibility, particularly under high CPE conditions, mediated by increased rACC-R theta-centered PAC.
  • In patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) receiving IC DBS, enhanced control flexibility, not general control, strongly predicted clinical response (AUC = 0.90).

Conclusions:

  • A theta phase-based coordination of the cognitive control network centered on rACC-R is a neurocomputational substrate for flexible control.
  • Internal capsule stimulation selectively enhances this substrate when cognitive flexibility is needed.
  • Cognitive flexibility, rather than general control, serves as a key biomarker for therapeutic benefit in TRD, suggesting potential for personalized neuromodulation.