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Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects
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Tomato.

Yves Gibon1, Diane M Beckles2, Sonia Osorio3

  • 1INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tomato genetics research has advanced significantly, improving understanding of traits like fruit quality and stress resistance. This knowledge aids breeding programs and cultivation practices to address climate change challenges in tomato production.

Keywords:
Abiotic stressbiotic stressfruitgenomicslightmetabolismmetabolomicsphytohormonestomatotranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Horticultural Science
  • Plant Genetics
  • Climate Change Adaptation

Background:

  • Tomato is a globally significant horticultural crop and a model for fleshy fruit research.
  • Climate change poses substantial threats to current tomato yields and productivity.
  • Advances in tomato genetics since 2012 have accelerated understanding of key biological mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To leverage genetic insights for enhancing tomato cultivation practices.
  • To identify mechanisms controlling tomato growth, development, stress resistance, and fruit quality.
  • To inform breeding programs for improved crop resilience and quality.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis and genetic mapping.
  • Phytohormone and transcription factor pathway investigation.
  • Metabolic profiling for fruit quality assessment.

Main Results:

  • Detailed understanding of genetic factors influencing tomato growth and development.
  • Identification of key phytohormone and transcription factor roles in coordinating plant responses.
  • Elucidation of metabolic pathways critical for establishing tomato fruit quality.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic and metabolic insights are crucial for developing climate-resilient tomato varieties.
  • Targeted breeding strategies informed by genetic research can enhance productivity and quality.
  • Integrated understanding of genetics, hormones, and metabolism is key to future tomato cultivation innovation.