Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Positive Regulator Molecules01:45

Positive Regulator Molecules

133.9K
To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.
133.9K
Positive Regulator Molecules02:39

Positive Regulator Molecules

6.4K
Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.
6.4K
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

38.2K
Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
38.2K
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

9.5K
Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
9.5K
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

8.6K
Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
8.6K
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

2.0K
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

From Fundamental Chemistry to Biological Function: The Biological and Abiological Chemistry of Metal Persulfides and Related Species.

Chemical reviews·2026
Same author

Synthetic Motifs for Understanding Lewis Acid Interactions with Persulfides and Thioselenides.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Harnessing Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN): Responsive Chemical Tools for Delivering an Emerging Gasotransmitter.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Cysteine-activated hydrogen selenide (H<sub>2</sub>Se) delivery from isoselenocyanates.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025
Same author

Thiophene Esters Are Not Selective for H<sub>2</sub>S and Undergo Thiol and Esterase Cleavage.

ACS chemical biology·2025
Same author

Targeting HASPIN kinase disrupts SR protein-mediated RNA splicing and synergizes with BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax in AML.

Blood neoplasia·2025
Same journal

Insights into taurine therapy for periodontitis: Targeting osteocyte ferroptosis to mitigate obesity-exacerbated bone damage.

Redox biology·2026
Same journal

Glutathione metabolism-linked ferroptosis in human seminoma: a spatial multi-omics mapping study.

Redox biology·2026
Same journal

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 prevents oxidative DNA damage in intestinal epithelial cells induced by genotoxic Escherichia coli NC101.

Redox biology·2026
Same journal

Low serum selenium combined with SELENOP-autoantibodies are associated with persistent fatigue after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Redox biology·2026
Same journal

Norepinephrine attenuates acute lung injury by protecting mitochondria via the β<sub>2</sub>-AR-AKAP1 axis and inhibiting alveolar epithelial pyroptosis.

Redox biology·2026
Same journal

Retraction notice to "Activation of sclerostin inhibits Isg20-Mediated aerobic glycolysis ameliorating renal Fibrosis: the renoprotective mechanism of hederagenin in CKD" [Redox Biol. 85 (2025) 103762].

Redox biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Studying Protein Function and the Role of Altered Protein Expression by Antibody Interference and Three-dimensional Reconstructions
11:57

Studying Protein Function and the Role of Altered Protein Expression by Antibody Interference and Three-dimensional Reconstructions

Published on: April 21, 2016

7.0K

Protic small molecule bioregulators.

Amanda G Davis1, Michael D Pluth1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States.

Redox Biology
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecule gases like nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are key bioregulators. A new classification, protic small molecule bioregulators (PSMBs), highlights how protonation state influences their diverse biological functions.

More Related Videos

High-Throughput Cellular Profiling of Targeted Protein Degradation Compounds Using HiBiT CRISPR Cell Lines
05:33

High-Throughput Cellular Profiling of Targeted Protein Degradation Compounds Using HiBiT CRISPR Cell Lines

Published on: November 9, 2020

10.9K
Identification of Small Molecule-binding Proteins in a Native Cellular Environment by Live-cell Photoaffinity Labeling
10:49

Identification of Small Molecule-binding Proteins in a Native Cellular Environment by Live-cell Photoaffinity Labeling

Published on: September 20, 2016

13.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Studying Protein Function and the Role of Altered Protein Expression by Antibody Interference and Three-dimensional Reconstructions
11:57

Studying Protein Function and the Role of Altered Protein Expression by Antibody Interference and Three-dimensional Reconstructions

Published on: April 21, 2016

7.0K
High-Throughput Cellular Profiling of Targeted Protein Degradation Compounds Using HiBiT CRISPR Cell Lines
05:33

High-Throughput Cellular Profiling of Targeted Protein Degradation Compounds Using HiBiT CRISPR Cell Lines

Published on: November 9, 2020

10.9K
Identification of Small Molecule-binding Proteins in a Native Cellular Environment by Live-cell Photoaffinity Labeling
10:49

Identification of Small Molecule-binding Proteins in a Native Cellular Environment by Live-cell Photoaffinity Labeling

Published on: September 20, 2016

13.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Small molecule gases, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), function as endogenous signaling molecules with critical physiological roles.
  • These molecules, often termed 'gasotransmitters,' are part of a broader group of small molecule bioregulators (SMBs) essential for life across all biological kingdoms.
  • A key characteristic of many SMBs, regardless of their gaseous state, is their signaling potential, which is intricately linked to protonation-dependent chemical speciation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and define a new cross-cutting classification: protic small molecule bioregulators (PSMBs).
  • To describe molecules whose biological function and reactivity are modulated by their protonation state.
  • To consolidate understanding of diverse signaling molecules under a unified chemical characteristic.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual synthesis.
  • Analysis of chemical speciation and its impact on biological activity.
  • Examination of evolutionary origins, biosynthesis, and functional crosstalk of PSMBs.

Main Results:

  • Proposes the classification of protic small molecule bioregulators (PSMBs) encompassing gasotransmitters and other species like SNO-, SSNO-, SO42-, ONOO-, NO2-, SCN-, and OCl-.
  • Demonstrates that protonation state dictates membrane permeability, nucleophilicity, redox activity, and metal-center interactions.
  • Highlights the roles of PSMBs in redox signaling, post-translational modifications, and mitochondrial regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The classification of PSMBs provides a unifying framework based on protonation-dependent chemical characteristics, rather than solely the gaseous state.
  • This reframing acknowledges shared chemical principles driving the unique biological chemistry and regulation of these vital signaling molecules.
  • Understanding PSMBs enhances insights into their evolutionary origins, biosynthesis, and complex crosstalk in physiological and pathological processes.