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Positive Regulator Molecules01:45

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Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Studying Protein Function and the Role of Altered Protein Expression by Antibody Interference and Three-dimensional Reconstructions
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Studying Protein Function and the Role of Altered Protein Expression by Antibody Interference and Three-dimensional Reconstructions

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Protic small molecule bioregulators.

Amanda G Davis1, Michael D Pluth1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States.

Redox Biology
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecule gases like nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are key bioregulators. A new classification, protic small molecule bioregulators (PSMBs), highlights how protonation state influences their diverse biological functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Small molecule gases, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), function as endogenous signaling molecules with critical physiological roles.
  • These molecules, often termed 'gasotransmitters,' are part of a broader group of small molecule bioregulators (SMBs) essential for life across all biological kingdoms.
  • A key characteristic of many SMBs, regardless of their gaseous state, is their signaling potential, which is intricately linked to protonation-dependent chemical speciation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and define a new cross-cutting classification: protic small molecule bioregulators (PSMBs).
  • To describe molecules whose biological function and reactivity are modulated by their protonation state.
  • To consolidate understanding of diverse signaling molecules under a unified chemical characteristic.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual synthesis.
  • Analysis of chemical speciation and its impact on biological activity.
  • Examination of evolutionary origins, biosynthesis, and functional crosstalk of PSMBs.

Main Results:

  • Proposes the classification of protic small molecule bioregulators (PSMBs) encompassing gasotransmitters and other species like SNO-, SSNO-, SO42-, ONOO-, NO2-, SCN-, and OCl-.
  • Demonstrates that protonation state dictates membrane permeability, nucleophilicity, redox activity, and metal-center interactions.
  • Highlights the roles of PSMBs in redox signaling, post-translational modifications, and mitochondrial regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The classification of PSMBs provides a unifying framework based on protonation-dependent chemical characteristics, rather than solely the gaseous state.
  • This reframing acknowledges shared chemical principles driving the unique biological chemistry and regulation of these vital signaling molecules.
  • Understanding PSMBs enhances insights into their evolutionary origins, biosynthesis, and complex crosstalk in physiological and pathological processes.