Modern Technologies Supporting Motor Rehabilitation After Stroke: A Narrative Review

Introduction: Stroke remains one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. Post-stroke motor recovery depends on neuroplasticity, which is stimulated by intensive, repetitive, and task-specific training. Modern technologies such as robotic rehabilitation (RR), virtual reality (VR), functional electrical stimulation (FES), brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) offer novel opportunities to enhance rehabilitation. They operate through sensory feedback, neuromodulation, and robotic assistance which promote neural reorganization and motor relearning. Neurobiological Basis of Motor Recovery: Mechanisms such as long-term potentiation, mirror neuron activation, and cerebellar modulation underpin functional reorganization after stroke. Literature Review Methodology: A narrative review was conducted of studies published between 2005 and 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and systematic reviews assessing the efficacy of these modern technologies were analyzed. Literature Review: Evidence indicates that RR, VR, FES, BCIs, and NIBS improve upper and lower limb motor function and strength, and enhance activities of daily living, particularly when combined with conventional physiotherapy (CP). Furthermore, integrated rehabilitation technologies (IRT) demonstrate synergistic neuroplastic effects. Discussion: Modern technologies enhance therapy precision, intensity, and motivation but face challenges related to cost, standardization, and methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions: RR, VR, FES, BCIs, NIBS, and IRT are effective complements to CP. Early, individualized, and standardized implementation can optimize neuroplasticity and functional recovery.