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Visualizing Motion Patterns in Acupuncture Manipulation
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Advancing Medical Training with Mixed Reality and Haptic Feedback Simulator for Acupuncture Needling.

Kasunika Guruge1, H M K K M B Herath1, Nuwan Madusanka2

  • 1Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a mixed reality (MR) acupuncture simulator with haptic feedback to enhance training. The system improves needle insertion accuracy and efficiency for acupuncture learners.

Keywords:
HoloLens 2haptic feedbackhealthcare educationmedical simulationmetahumanmixed reality

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Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Simulation
  • Extended Reality (XR) in Healthcare
  • Acupuncture Education

Background:

  • Traditional acupuncture training lacks objective feedback and quantitative assessment.
  • Existing extended reality (XR) solutions for medical training often omit detailed performance metrics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a feedback-enabled mixed reality (MR) acupuncture simulator.
  • To enhance acupuncture skill acquisition using depth-responsive guidance and quantitative scoring.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed reality (MR) system using Microsoft HoloLens 2 with a virtual patient and haptic feedback.
  • Quantitative assessment of needle insertion depth, angular deviation, tip-to-center distance, and task duration.
  • Evaluation with ten participants (novices and experts) performing needle tasks at specific acupoints.

Main Results:

  • Significant reduction in mean depth error (6.41 mm to 3.58 mm) and task time (9.29 s to 6.83 s).
  • Beginner improvement in depth accuracy, reduced angular deviation, and faster completion times at acupoint LI11.
  • Experts demonstrated higher performance than novices, confirming construct validity; high usability (4.46/5) and reliability (ω = 0.93) were reported.

Conclusions:

  • Expert-informed scoring and depth-responsive haptic feedback significantly improve acupuncture training accuracy and efficiency.
  • The MR acupuncture simulator demonstrates technical robustness and educational readiness for clinical training.
  • The system enhances learning confidence and skill acquisition in acupuncture.