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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Considering the tensile strength of concrete involves recognizing that the theoretical strength of cement paste can be up to a thousand times higher than what is observed in practical applications. This significant discrepancy is largely attributed to the presence of microscopic cracks within the concrete. These cracks tend to amplify stress at their tips when a load is applied, a phenomenon explained by Griffith's theory of brittle fracture.
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Correction to "Light-Induced Transformation from Covalent to Supramolecular Polymer Networks".

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Mechanical-Bond-Toughened Epoxy Resins.

Chunyu Wang1, Tinghao Yun1, Wei You1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed toughened epoxy resins using mechanically interlocked molecules. This novel approach significantly enhances material toughness and flexibility, offering new possibilities for advanced materials and 2D material applications.

Keywords:
Elongation and toughnessEpoxy resinsGraphene filmsMechanical bond[2]Rotaxane

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Epoxy resins possess excellent mechanical strength but suffer from inherent brittleness.
  • Developing tougher epoxy materials is crucial for expanding their applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the toughness and flexibility of epoxy resins.
  • To explore the application of these toughened epoxies in reinforcing two-dimensional (2D) materials.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of [2]rotaxane-based mechanical bonds as cross-linkers in epoxy networks.
  • Characterization of the mechanical properties of the resulting mechanically interlocked epoxy networks (MINEP).
  • Utilizing MINEP to toughen graphene films via adhesive bonding.

Main Results:

  • MINEP exhibited a 272% elongation and 37.9 MJ m⁻³ toughness, an order of magnitude improvement over conventional epoxies.
  • MINEP-based bonded graphene films showed significantly enhanced toughness (30.2 MJ m⁻³ vs. 3.4 MJ m⁻³), elongation (26.5% vs. 9.9%), and strength (237 MPa vs. 72.3 MPa).

Conclusions:

  • The strategic use of mechanically interlocked molecules provides an effective strategy for toughening epoxy resins.
  • The developed MINEP demonstrates significant potential for improving the performance of 2D materials.