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FormA11y - A tool for remediating PDF forms for accessibility: Designing a PDF Form Remediation Tool.

Sparsh Paliwal¹, Joshua Hoeflich², J Bern Jordan¹

¹iSchool, Maryland Initiative for Digital Accessibility (MIDA), HCIL, University of Maryland.

ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction : a Publication of the Association for Computing Machinery

|November 27, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Making PDF forms accessible is challenging. A new tool, FormA11y, significantly speeds up PDF form remediation and improves accuracy for people with disabilities.

Keywords:

PDF U/A PDF accessibility accessibility blind users born-accessible document accessibility inclusive design

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Human-Computer Interaction
Web Accessibility

Background:

PDF documents often lack accessibility features, requiring manual remediation.
Existing research primarily addresses accessibility for static documents, not interactive forms.
PDF form remediation is complex, repetitive, and overwhelming for creators.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate challenges in PDF form accessibility remediation.
To develop a tool, FormA11y, to simplify and improve PDF form remediation.
To evaluate FormA11y's effectiveness against industry standards.

Main Methods:

Developed FormA11y, a novel tool for PDF form remediation.
Conducted a within-subject user study with 20 participants.
Compared FormA11y's performance against Adobe Acrobat for PDF form remediation.

Main Results:

FormA11y enabled users to remediate PDF forms 2.8 times faster.
The tool resulted in more accurate accessibility in remediated PDF forms.
User study demonstrated FormA11y's efficiency and effectiveness.

Conclusions:

FormA11y effectively addresses the challenges of PDF form remediation.
The tool offers a significant improvement in speed and accuracy for creating accessible PDF forms.
FormA11y contributes to a more inclusive digital environment by simplifying accessibility efforts.