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How Can I Trust You? The Effect of Risk and Automation Failures on Trust and Reliance Behavior
Nikolai Ebinger1, Norah Neuhuber2, Bettina Kubicek2
1Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Austria.
Human Factors
|December 2, 2025
Summary
Drivers appropriately adjust trust and monitoring in conditional driving automation (SAE Level 3) based on risk. Automation failures temporarily decrease trust, but drivers benefit from assistance in recalibrating it.
Area of Science:
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Automotive Engineering
- Cognitive Psychology
Background:
- Conditional driving automation (SAE Level 3) presents a complex role for drivers, requiring them to manage non-driving tasks while remaining prepared to resume manual control.
- The transition between automated and manual driving necessitates dynamic trust calibration by the driver.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate how risk levels and automation failures impact drivers' trust calibration and reliance behaviors (system use, monitoring) in conditional driving automation.
- To understand the dynamic nature of driver trust following automation failures.
Main Methods:
- Participants engaged in three simulated drives utilizing conditional driving automation.
- Drives were designed with varying risk conditions (low vs. high) and included automation failures (early or late).
- Driver trust, system use, and monitoring behaviors were systematically recorded and analyzed.
Main Results:
- Higher risk driving led to decreased trust, increased manual control takeovers, and heightened monitoring.
- Automation failures caused an immediate drop in driver trust, which subsequently recovered over time.
- Driver monitoring exhibited immediate, transient changes corresponding to the onset and cessation of automation failures.
Conclusions:
- Drivers demonstrate adaptive responses to varying risk levels in automated systems.
- Trust calibration is a dynamic process influenced by automation failures, though failure timing does not alter the recovery pattern.
- Assistance for drivers in recalibrating trust post-failure is recommended for practical application.
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