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Sex Determination Based on Posterior Mandibular Measurements using Three-Dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Nikolaos Christoloukas¹, Anastasia Mitsea², Leda Kovatsi³

¹Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.

Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine

|December 2, 2025

Summary

Specific linear measurements from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans reliably predict sex. This method offers a supplementary tool for forensic science applications in sex determination.

Keywords:

3D reconstructed surfaces CBCT Mandibular measurements Sex determination

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Area of Science:

Forensic Anthropology
Radiology
Anatomy

Background:

Sex determination is crucial in forensic investigations.
Anthropometric measurements from dental records can aid in identification.
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offer detailed anatomical data.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the reliability of anthropometric mandibular measurements from 3D CBCT reconstructions for sex determination.
To evaluate the predictive accuracy of these measurements in a Greek population.

Main Methods:

Analysis of CBCT volumetric data from 204 Greek individuals (18-70 years old).
Digital tracing of ten anatomical landmarks on 3D CBCT reconstructions using ViewBox 4 software.
Statistical analysis using a binary logistic regression (BLR) model.

Main Results:

Statistically significant differences were found between sexes for all linear mandibular measurements.
Angular measurements did not show statistically significant sex-based differences.
The developed BLR model achieved an 83.4% accuracy in sex prediction.

Conclusions:

Specific linear anthropometric measurements of the mandible derived from 3D CBCT reconstructions are reliable predictors of sex.
These measurements can serve as a valuable supplementary method in forensic science for sex determination.