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Sex Determination Using Linear Anthropometric Measurements Relative to the Mandibular Reference Plane on CBCT 3D

Nikolaos Christoloukas¹, Anastasia Mitsea¹, Leda Kovatsi²

¹Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str., 11527 Athens, Greece.

Journal of Imaging

|July 25, 2025

Summary

Forensic identification can utilize mandibular foramen and mental foramen measurements for sex estimation. This study found specific measurements in Greek individuals reliably predict sex using 3D cone beam computed tomography.

Keywords:

3D reconstructed surfaces CBCT mandibular measurements sex estimation

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Area of Science:

Forensic Anthropology
Radiology
Human Osteology

Background:

Sex determination is crucial for forensic identification and medicolegal investigations.
Mandibular osteometric measurements, particularly of the mandibular foramen (MF) and mental foramen, show population-specific sexual dimorphism.
Previous research indicates variability in these measurements across different ethnic groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the reliability and predictive accuracy of anthropometric mandibular measurements for sex estimation.
To utilize three-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) surface reconstructions for precise measurements.
To investigate population-specific sexual dimorphism in mandibular landmarks within a Greek sample.

Main Methods:

CBCT scans from 204 Greek individuals (aged 18-70) were analyzed.
Five linear measurements were taken on 3D reconstructions, including projections of the mandibular and mental foramina and the distance between mental foramina.
A binary logistic regression model was applied to assess sex prediction accuracy.

Main Results:

All measured parameters exhibited statistically significant differences between sexes, with males showing higher mean values.
The developed binary logistic regression model achieved 66.7% accuracy in sex prediction.
Distances from the right mandibular foramen and the left mental foramen were identified as the most significant predictors of sex.

Conclusions:

The positions of the mandibular and mental foramina display significant sex-related dimorphism in the studied Greek population.
These specific mandibular measurements demonstrate forensic relevance for population-specific sex estimation applications.
3D CBCT analysis provides a reliable method for assessing these dimorphic features.