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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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Phase-Rearrangement-Induced Atomic Replacement toward Customizing Noble-Metal Intermetallics.

Xuan Huang1,2, Bingyan Xu1, Yang Sun3

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A new atomic replacement method creates unique noble-metal intermetallic nanoarchitectures. This technique, demonstrated with palladium-bismuth (Pd-Bi) materials, enhances catalytic performance, particularly for the oxygen reduction reaction.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Noble-metal intermetallics show promise for catalysis but face challenges in synthesis due to favored symmetric growth and metal redox potential differences.
  • Existing methods struggle to create complex, structurally controlled intermetallic nanoarchitectures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel synthesis strategy for creating structurally controlled noble-metal intermetallic nanoarchitectures.
  • To demonstrate a morphology-preserved atomic replacement method in noble-metal chalcogenides.
  • To investigate the catalytic performance of the synthesized intermetallic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized palladium-tellurium (Pd-Te) hexagonal nanoplates as parent templates.
  • Induced a phase-rearrangement followed by atomic replacement of Te by Bi atoms.
  • Characterized the resulting palladium-bismuth (Pd-Bi) nanoarchitectures using various techniques.
  • Evaluated the catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized morphology-preserved, tunable Pd-Bi intermetallic nanoarchitectures via phase-rearrangement-induced atomic replacement.
  • Demonstrated the generalizability of the method for various dimensions and other Pd-Bi compositions (Pd-Sb, Pd-Pb, Pd-Sn).
  • Hexagonal phase PdBi exhibited superior ORR activity, stability, and methanol tolerance compared to other catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • The phase-rearrangement-induced atomic replacement strategy offers a versatile route to inaccessible intermetallic nanoarchitectures.
  • This method overcomes limitations of traditional synthesis, enabling precise control over composition, phase, and interfaces.
  • The synthesized Pd-Bi intermetallics, particularly hexagonal PdBi, show significant potential for advanced catalytic applications.