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At-Home Virtual Reality Intervention for Patients With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Single-Case Experimental Design

Syl Slatman1,2, Lieke Heesink3, Reinoud Achterkamp4

  • 1Biomedical Signals and Systems Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522NB, Netherlands.

JMIR XR and Spatial Computing
|December 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Virtual reality (VR) may help chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) but did not significantly improve outcomes in this study. Patients experienced VR positively, though individual responses varied, suggesting personalized approaches are needed for VR pain management.

Keywords:
CMPSCEDVRchronic musculoskeletal painmusculoskeletal painself-managementsingle-case experimental designuser experiencevirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) presents challenges for effective management.
  • Virtual reality (VR) shows potential for alleviating CMP symptoms.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding VR's impact on individual pain variables and patient experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of an at-home VR intervention on pain-related variables in CMP patients.
  • To explore the feasibility and patient experience of using VR for pain education and management.
  • To gain detailed insights into VR's effects at an individual level.

Main Methods:

  • Single-case experimental design over 4 weeks with at-home VR intervention.
  • Outcome measures included pain, functioning, stress, sleep, and steps.
  • Data analyzed via visualization, Tau-U, reliable change index, and inductive thematic analysis of focus group data.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant or clinically relevant differences in pain-related outcomes were observed.
  • Individual patient responses to VR varied, indicating personalized effects.
  • Focus group revealed VR was perceived as a feasible and valued additional intervention.

Conclusions:

  • While patients viewed VR positively, it did not consistently improve pain-related outcomes.
  • The varied individual responses suggest VR may not be universally suitable for CMP.
  • Further research is needed to identify suitable patient populations and understand VR's mechanisms of action in CMP.