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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
Cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, work in concert with cyclins to control cell cycle transitions. M-Cdk, a complex of Cdk1 bound to M cyclin, is a well-known example of this coordinated control that drives the transition from the G2 to the M phase.
M cyclin...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cancer-Selective Intracellular Polymerization via Acrolein-Driven Cyclodimerization Cascade.

Shinji Kawaguchi1, Ambara R Pradipta1, Tomohiro Kubo1

  • 1Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|December 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel cancer-targeting polymerization method using acrolein, an oncometabolite. This process enables selective cell imaging and potential therapeutic applications by triggering fluorescence in cancer cells.

Keywords:
1,5‐DiazacyclooctaneAcroleinCancerCyclodimerization CascadeIn situ Polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Chemical Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Intracellular polymerization offers advanced cell modification for imaging and therapy.
  • Current methods often lack specificity, relying on external triggers or catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cancer-selective intracellular polymerization strategy.
  • To utilize endogenous acrolein as a catalyst-free initiator and component for polymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a monomer with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties and aminoethanol groups.
  • Utilized acrolein's reactivity for imine formation and subsequent cyclodimerization cascade polymerization.
  • Investigated polymerization in cancer cell lines and ex vivo human tumor samples.

Main Results:

  • Achieved acrolein-driven, catalyst-free polymerization forming 1,5-diazacyclooctane polymers.
  • Demonstrated "turn-on" AIE fluorescence in acrolein-rich cancer cells for high-contrast imaging.
  • Validated selective imaging in multiple cancer cell lines and human breast tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Established a cancer-selective polymerization platform driven by endogenous acrolein.
  • Showcased potential for precision diagnostics and intraoperative assessment.
  • Paved the way for engineered intracellular materials and novel therapeutics.