Emerging tungsten-based materials for rechargeable metal-ion batteries: progress and perspectives

Tungsten-based (W-based) materials have emerged as promising candidates for electrode materials in the next-generation rechargeable metal-ion batteries (MIBs), owing to their distinctive crystal structure, high theoretical specific capacity, and superior chemical stability. This review systematically reviews the latest research progress of W-based materials in the field of MIBs. Firstly, the representative crystal structures of W-based materials are outlined. Secondly, various synthesis methods and their impacts on the material morphology and electrochemical performance are discussed in depth. Subsequently, specific case studies are analyzed to clarify the potential energy-storage mechanisms. Meanwhile, a comprehensive systematic review and analysis of the applications of W-based materials in various battery systems, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, and zinc-ion batteries, have been conducted. Particular emphasis is placed on material modification strategies such as micro/nanostructural engineering, defect engineering, and the development of carbon-based composites. Furthermore, the review offers a comprehensive summary of advanced characterization techniques and computational methodologies currently employed in the field. Key challenges associated with W-based materials, for instance, during the cycling process, such as the limited conductivity and significant volume expansion, are critically examined, along with potential future research directions aimed at addressing these challenges.