Reported mouth self-examination methods for oral cancer screening: a systematic review

This systematic review aimed to identify and describe the methods of mouth self-examination (MSE) used for oral cancer screening.

A comprehensive search was conducted in six databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) as well as gray literature sources (Google Scholar and ProQuest), with no restrictions on publication date or language. Eligible studies included cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, and clinical trials that evaluated MSE as a screening method for oral cancer. The risk of bias was assessed according to the design of each included study using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tools.

A total of 11 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, with sample sizes ranging from 53 to 34,766 individuals. Most studies used educational materials, such as pamphlets, face-to-face training sessions, digital media, and mobile applications. The steps involved in MSE generally included visual inspection of the oral mucosa and neck palpation, performed at differing frequencies. There was significant heterogeneity in the tools used for MSE; mirrors and light sources were most commonly reported. MSE assessment methods primarily relied on self-report, followed by questionnaires and clinical examinations.

The current evidence about MSE methods remains heterogeneous. The lack of standardized procedures and assessment impairs reproducibility and recommendations. Further high-quality studies are required to establish its applicability in diverse populations.