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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

543
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
543
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

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Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
418
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

439
Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
439
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

426
Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
426
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

564
Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...
564
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

534
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
534

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Related Experiment Video

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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Artificial intelligence in pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review.

Tilmann Kramer1,2, Mira Kramer3, Christian Hagist4

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine III, Heart Center at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. tilmann.kramer@uk-koeln.de.

European Journal of Medical Research
|December 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), shows promise for predicting and diagnosing pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) non-invasively. Further research is needed to address model validation and transparency for clinical use.

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceDeep learningDiagnostic and prognostic prediction modelsMachine learningPulmonary arterial hypertensionPulmonary hypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Informatics
  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (PH) involves elevated pulmonary pressures and right ventricular strain.
  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has a poor prognosis, particularly with delayed diagnosis.
  • Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) offer potential for non-invasive PH/PAH prediction and risk stratification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Systematically review ML and DL applications for non-invasive diagnosis, classification, and prognostication in PH and PAH.
  • Evaluate the methodological quality and clinical applicability of these AI models.
  • Synthesize study characteristics and heterogeneity using the SWiM framework.

Main Methods:

  • PRISMA-guided systematic search for studies using ML/DL on non-invasive clinical, imaging, or biomarker data.
  • Synthesis of study characteristics and heterogeneity via the SWiM framework.
  • Risk of bias assessment using PROBAST+AI, focusing on participant selection, predictors, outcomes, and analysis.

Main Results:

  • Fifty-three studies were included, primarily using clinical, echocardiographic, imaging, or molecular data.
  • AI models demonstrated high predictive performance (AUC 0.71–1.00), with DL, especially CNNs, increasingly applied.
  • Most studies were retrospective, single-center, with limited external validation and heterogeneity in design and outcomes; 83% had low risk of bias but common applicability concerns.

Conclusions:

  • ML and DL models show significant promise for PH and PAH diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Limitations include subclass differentiation, methodological transparency, and the need for robust external validation.
  • Future research should focus on addressing these limitations to enhance clinical applicability.