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Integration of Synaptic Events

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

Electrical Synapses

Electrical Synapses

Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
There are two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
The ionotropic receptor is the membrane protein that has an...

Propagation of Action Potentials

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

Published on: June 24, 2015

Recent progress in proton involvement and coupling for bio-realistic synaptic devices.

Yubeen Park¹, Jung-El Ryu^2,3, Seok Daniel Namgung¹

¹School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.

|December 9, 2025

Summary

Proton-based neuromorphic devices mimic the brain

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Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

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Published on: June 24, 2015

Syringe-injectable Mesh Electronics for Stable Chronic Rodent Electrophysiology

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Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

Published on: June 6, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuromorphic Engineering
Materials Science
Neuroscience

Background:

Neuromorphic systems emulate brain efficiency and learning.
Ion-specific signaling (Na+, K+, H+) is vital for neural processes.
Protonic devices replicate brain's ion-mediated synaptic signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

Classify switching mechanisms in protonic neuromorphic devices.
Analyze device architectures and material resistance modulation.
Highlight the role of proton-based mechanisms in neuromorphic hardware.

Main Methods:

Review and classification of protonic switching mechanisms.
Analysis of two- and three-terminal device architectures.
Framework for understanding resistance modulation in different materials.

Main Results:

Two main switching mechanisms identified: proton involvement and proton coupling.
Proton involvement: field/environment-driven ionic motion.
Proton coupling: proton interaction with other ions regulating redox activity.

Conclusions:

Proton-based mechanisms are key to energy-efficient, adaptive neuromorphic hardware.
Understanding ion-mediated processes, especially protonic ones, is crucial for brain-like intelligence.
Proton mobility enables fast, low-power analog switching for biological mimicry.