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Related Concept Videos

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
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Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients,...
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Body:Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Deciphering the butylated hydroxytoluene dissolution behavior in solid-liquid systems through coupled experimental

Xing Wu1, Xiaowei Cheng1, Shiyu Sun2

  • 1School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.

Food Chemistry
|December 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Understanding butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) dissolution behavior is key for crystallization design. This study combines experiments and simulations to reveal dissolution thermodynamics and solvent interactions for improved processes.

Keywords:
Butylated hydroxytolueneDissolution behaviorSolid - liquid equilibriumSolvent effectThermodynamic property

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding solid-liquid equilibrium is crucial for crystallization processes.
  • Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) presents challenges in filtration and washing due to its flake crystal shape.
  • Dissolution behavior insights are limited but essential for process optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dissolution behavior of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) using experimental and molecular simulation methods.
  • To determine the solubility of BHT across a range of temperatures.
  • To elucidate the thermodynamic principles governing BHT dissolution and its relationship with solute-solvent interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Gravimetric method for solubility determination.
  • Modified Apelblat model for solubility prediction.
  • Molecular simulations to analyze crystal structure and solute-solvent interactions.
  • Thermodynamic analysis of the dissolution process.

Main Results:

  • BHT solubility increases with temperature.
  • The modified Apelblat model demonstrated high predictability for BHT solubility.
  • Dissolution is an endothermic process driven by an increase in entropy.
  • Stronger solute-solvent interactions correlate with enhanced BHT dissolution.
  • Molecular simulations provided insights into dissolution at the molecular level.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides a comprehensive understanding of BHT dissolution behavior.
  • The findings offer valuable guidance for crystallization design and operation.
  • Molecular-level insights enhance the predictability and control of BHT crystallization processes.