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Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Updated: Jan 9, 2026

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Photo-induced energy-transfer polymerization.

Jian Liu1, Yaxiong Wei2, Liangwei Ma1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.

National Science Review
|December 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel photo-induced polymerization method using triplet species, eliminating the need for external radical initiators. This versatile energy-transfer strategy offers a new perspective on monomer roles in polymerization reactions.

Keywords:
photocatalystpolymerizationtriplet–triplet energy transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Photochemistry
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Conventional photo-induced polymerization relies on exogenous radical species.
  • Photo-induced cycloaddition reactions offer alternative mechanisms.
  • Understanding monomer roles is crucial for advancing polymerization strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate photo-induced polymerization via energy-transfer processes.
  • To develop a novel polymerization strategy utilizing triplet species.
  • To explore the role of monomers in this new approach.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized low-energy, highly reactive triplet species of olefin molecules as energy acceptors.
  • Employed controlled experiments and spectroscopic methods (e.g., using thiochromanone as a template).
  • Investigated energy-transfer mechanisms in photo-induced polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Developed a versatile photo-induced polymerization strategy without exogenous active components.
  • Demonstrated that triplet species, not conventional radicals, are key to initiating polymerization.
  • Showcased the ability of various triplet species sources to induce polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • The developed strategy offers a novel pathway for photo-induced polymerization.
  • Triplet species play a critical role, distinct from conventional radicals, in initiating polymerization.
  • Findings prompt further research into monomer participation in photo-induced polymerization.