Calcium Phosphate Cements: From the 1980s to the 2020s

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Orthopedic Surgery
• Regenerative Medicine

Background:

• Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been utilized for bone repair for over 40 years.
• Their properties include biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and in situ hardening via a chemical reaction.
• CPCs offer advantages over traditional orthopedic cements due to their milder exothermic reaction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive historical and technical overview of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) development.
• To highlight key milestones and innovations in CPC formulation and properties over four decades.
• To identify persistent challenges hindering the widespread clinical application of CPCs.

Main Methods:

• Review of historical data and technical literature on CPCs from their inception in the 1980s.
• Analysis of modifications to CPCs' physical, mechanical, and biological characteristics.
• Examination of current innovations and remaining challenges in CPC technology.

Main Results:

• CPCs have evolved significantly over four decades, with numerous modifications enhancing their properties.
• Applications have expanded into craniofacial surgery, bone tissue engineering, and drug delivery.
• Key challenges remain, including limitations in mechanical strength, degradation control, and osteoinductivity.

Conclusions:

• Calcium phosphate cements represent a significant advancement in bone repair biomaterials.
• Continued research and development are crucial to overcome existing limitations for broader clinical adoption.
• Future innovations will focus on improving mechanical integrity, tailored degradation, and enhanced biological activity.