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Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms
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Illuminating the Invisible: Fluorescent Probes as Emerging Tools for Micro/Nanoplastic Identification.

Junhan Yang1, Kaichao Zheng1, Weiqing Chen1

  • 1Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.

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|December 11, 2025
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Summary

Advanced fluorescent probes offer sensitive detection of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment. These probes overcome limitations of traditional methods, enabling better MNP monitoring and toxicological assessment.

Keywords:
aggregation-induced emissionenvironmental monitoringfluorescence probesmicroplasticsnanoplasticsplasmon-enhanced fluorescencesolvatochromismspecific recognition

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants.
  • Conventional detection methods for MNPs lack sensitivity and throughput.
  • Fluorescent probe technology presents a promising alternative for MNP detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and mechanisms of fluorescent probes for MNP detection.
  • To highlight advanced signal enhancement strategies for femtogram-level detection.
  • To discuss challenges and solutions for nanoplastic detection and low-toxicity probe design.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on fluorescent probes for MNP detection.
  • Analysis of probe mechanisms including solvatochromism, polarity discrimination, and targeted recognition.
  • Examination of signal enhancement techniques like plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) and metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF).

Main Results:

  • Fluorescent probes have advanced from simple stains to sophisticated molecular designs.
  • Nile Red, polarity-discriminatory probes, and turn-on systems are key technologies.
  • PEF/MEF strategies achieve femtogram-level detection, with specific adaptations for nanoplastics.
  • AIE luminogens and advanced strategies address nanoplastic aggregation and biological barrier breaching.

Conclusions:

  • Sophisticated fluorescent probes are crucial for sensitive and rapid MNP detection.
  • Addressing nanoplastic-specific challenges and ensuring probe biocompatibility are vital.
  • Integration with 'activate-on-target' systems will advance MNP analysis for environmental and toxicological applications.