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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

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Published on: October 13, 2018

Free indirect discourse as logophoric context.

Isabelle Charnavel¹

¹Linguistics Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Linguistics and Philosophy

|December 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study proposes a new logophoric analysis for Free Indirect Discourse (FID), challenging the prevalent direct discourse-based views. It argues FID is better understood as indirect discourse, offering novel linguistic evidence.

Keywords:

Attitude Free indirect discourse Indexicality Logophoricity

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Area of Science:

Linguistics
Semantics
Discourse Analysis

Background:

Free Indirect Discourse (FID) is often analyzed as a hybrid of Direct Discourse (DD) and Indirect Discourse (ID).
Existing research predominantly favors DD-based analyses, utilizing concepts like bicontextual dependency or mixed quotation.
However, certain linguistic properties of FID remain inadequately explained by these approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and defend a novel Indirect Discourse (ID)-based, logophoric analysis of Free Indirect Discourse (FID).
To re-evaluate existing arguments and introduce new evidence supporting an ID-based perspective.
To establish FID as a member of the broader class of logophoric contexts.

Main Methods:

Analysis of overlooked properties of FID, including (anti)licensing of logophoric elements and recursive embedding.
Examination of de se/de te readings and sequence of tense phenomena within FID.
Investigation of the anchoring of time and location adverbials in FID.

Main Results:

FID exhibits properties, such as (anti)logophoric element licensing and recursive embedding, that support an ID-based analysis.
Time and location adverbials in FID are not always anchored to the protagonist but can be anaphoric or speaker-anchored.
A logophoric operator analysis accounts for FID's hybrid characteristics and its relation to other logophoric constructions.

Conclusions:

The article concludes that an ID-based logophoric analysis provides a more comprehensive account of FID's linguistic behavior.
This perspective unifies FID with other logophoric phenomena, offering a more principled linguistic classification.
The findings challenge current DD-based models and suggest a re-evaluation of FID's semantic and syntactic properties.