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Related Concept Videos

The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...

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Formation and Characterization of Stable Antifouling Colloidal Particles via Surface-Initiated-Photoinduced Electron

Jelle B J van den Beukel1,2,3,4,5, Barend van Lagen5, Han Zuilhof5,6,7

  • 1Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|December 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed antifouling polymer brushes on colloidal particles to improve extracellular vesicle (EV) measurements. This innovation enhances biomarker detection accuracy for various diseases by preventing protein adsorption.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial disease biomarkers, but their concentration measurement is challenging, leading to inconsistent data.
  • Accurate EV quantification requires stable reference particles, but body fluids cause protein adsorption, compromising particle integrity.
  • Nonspecific protein adsorption onto reference particles hinders reliable EV concentration determination in biomedical analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop antifouling polymer brushes on colloidal particles for stable EV concentration measurements.
  • To functionalize polystyrene colloidal particles with specific polymer brushes to prevent protein adsorption from biological fluids.
  • To enhance the reliability and reproducibility of EV quantification for disease biomarker detection.

Main Methods:

  • Surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (SI-PET-RAFT) was used to graft polymer brushes onto 220 nm polystyrene colloidal particles.
  • Three monomers were employed: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), methacrylate phosphocholine, and carboxybetaine methacrylate.
  • Characterization of polymer brush growth involved dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Main Results:

  • HPMA-functionalized colloidal particles exhibited excellent antifouling properties when exposed to single-protein solutions and human blood plasma.
  • Functionalized particles demonstrated stability in pure plasma for at least 5 hours, indicating robustness in biological matrices.
  • Successful polymer brush grafting was confirmed by DLS, XPS, and TEM, verifying particle modification.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalizing colloidal particles with antifouling polymer brushes, particularly HPMA, significantly improves their stability in biological fluids.
  • This approach addresses key challenges in EV concentration measurement, paving the way for more accurate and reproducible biomarker analysis.
  • The developed antifouling colloidal particles hold great promise for applications in flow cytometry and selective biomarker detection in various diseases.