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High-Efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Enabled by a Mg3(PO4)2/MgF2 Stack with Over 23% Power Conversion

Hongyu Dun1,2,3,4, Zhiyuan Xu1,2,3,4, Yu Yan1,2,3,4

  • 1Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|December 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnesium phosphate (Mg3(PO4)2) is a promising new electron-selective transport layer for dopant-free silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. This material enhances power conversion efficiency, reaching up to 23.25% in optimized devices.

Keywords:
Mg3(PO4)2/MgF2electron selective transport layerself‐diffusion effectsilicon heterojunction solar cells

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photovoltaics
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Dopant-free silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells present advantages like reduced costs and simplified processing.
  • Research is actively exploring novel materials to enhance SHJ solar cell performance.
  • Electron-selective transport layers (ESTLs) are crucial for efficient charge extraction in solar cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate magnesium phosphate (Mg3(PO4)2) as a novel electron-selective transport layer (ESTL) for dopant-free SHJ solar cells.
  • To evaluate the performance of Mg3(PO4)2, both as a standalone layer and in conjunction with MgF2.
  • To assess the impact of Mg3(PO4)2 on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of SHJ solar cells.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication and characterization of Mg3(PO4)2 thin films.
  • Measurement of work function (WF) and contact resistivity (ρc) of the Mg3(PO4)2 layer.
  • Integration of Mg3(PO4)2 and Mg3(PO4)2/MgF2 stacks into full-rear-contact SHJ solar cell architectures.
  • Performance testing of fabricated solar cells, including power conversion efficiency (PCE) measurements.

Main Results:

  • Mg3(PO4)2 exhibited a work function of 3.64 eV and a contact resistivity of 67.00 mΩ cm².
  • A Mg3(PO4)2/MgF2 stack demonstrated superior performance compared to individual layers.
  • SHJ solar cells incorporating the Mg3(PO4)2/MgF2 stack achieved a PCE of 22.88%.
  • Devices with Mg3(PO4)2 on the light-incident side and MgF2 as anti-reflection coating reached a PCE of 23.25%.

Conclusions:

  • Magnesium phosphate (Mg3(PO4)2) is an effective electron-selective material for silicon solar cells.
  • The Mg3(PO4)2/MgF2 stack shows significant potential for enhancing SHJ solar cell performance.
  • Mg3(PO4)2 is a promising ternary compound ESTL for developing high-efficiency silicon solar cells.